Baltimore Museum of Art: Photography of the 1960’s

The exhibit we went to see was a gallery walk. It was an exhibit of pictures and the artists who produced the photos, and the meaning of the photos. We enjoyed it because it was particularly interesting how the 1960’s was portrayed through photography. It showed not only white Americans but African-Americans making it easily relatable. It showed hard times, fun times and how they made the hard times fun times. The strengths in the exhibit were the realistic ideas. These were some of the earliest photographs in history they weren’t just paintings or portrayal of the good life in these times.You always read about history and what happened in what times, but these photos in this exhibit showed it firsthand. A lot of the photos were open for interpretation. When you first walk into the exhibit a particular set of photos catch your eye. The photographer was Carrie Mae Weems, and the photos were entitled â€Å"From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried† along with †Å"House/Field/Yard/Kitchen†. The photos were red and appeared to be African American slaves. Each had a word on top of it â€Å"house, field, yard or kitchen† and on each side of the sets of photos appears to be an African woman with the text â€Å"I Cried†.Weems wanted it to be interpreted as the racial oppression and suffering. She also wanted it to be reinterpreted by the generations. We saw it as how far African-Americans had come along while others in the past may have seen it as sad and dreary because of everything African-Americans went through to get where they are now. A weakness of the exhibit, in our opinions which can be debated was the experimentation with photography. Although it may seem interesting to a few, a stabbed up, burned up paper did not exactly fit in with the ideas of the other photos.Photographer Marco Breur in his photo Shot (C-917) used glue guns, blow torches and razor blades to photosensitive paper. It was a unique work of art and a s he aimed cannot be reproduced but took away from the actual meaning of the photography in this exhibit which was to emphasize the times and living in the 1960’s. This exhibit can relate a lot to what we have recently been learning in class. It can also relate to past readings. This photography shows things from slavery all the way out to liberalism.There were also a lot of photos displaying gender roles. There is a photo of a house with legs and high heels. It was entitled, â€Å"The Walking House†. This photo can be interpreted many ways. The photographer Laurie Simmons was trying to display that women in this time were inseparable to their domestic roles at home. Even though this exhibit was entitled, â€Å"Photography of the 1960’s† a lot of the photos displayed the changing of generations. It went from slavery up until the 1970’s. It was a very interesting exhibit.We observed all the people who were around us. It wasn’t only field trip s of academics; people actually came to the museum just to see this particular exhibit. We would recommend it to others but only this exhibit. Although it wasn’t required after we viewed this exhibit we explored the rest of the museum and it was boring. It was all statues and artifacts from different countries. This particular exhibit explored American History. It wasn’t just textbook reading and lectures, we got to view it and interpret it as if we were there.

Online Instruction In A Continuing Professional Education Setting Education Essay

IntroductionThe article I chose to supply a outline for is entitled, â€Å" The New, Modern Practice of Adult Education: On-line Instruction in a Continuing Professional Education Setting † by Brian W. Donavant of the University of Tennessee at Martin. The intent of his survey was to analyze the effectivity of on-line instruction compared to traditional bringing attacks. His survey involved quantitative research methods through the usage of pre and posttests in both the online and teacher led classs every bit good as an unfastened ended questionnaire to assist find if the potency for success of on-line direction is related to demographic variables of the pupils. This multi-phased survey was conducted in a non-academic scene utilizing police officers go oning their instruction. The about 200 participants were from the Florida Regional Community Policing Institute and varied in age, gender, ethnicity, educational background, and old ages on the occupation.Research QuestionThe ge neral inquiry of this survey was to find if there were statistically important differences in successful acquisition by the participants who learned via online acquisition in comparing to teacher lead preparation. Additionally, the survey set out step the potency of online larning success by constabulary officers and if this possible online larning success was related to assorted other factors such as race, gender, age, and educational experience. The survey besides measured the officers ‘ attitudes and perceptual experiences sing the usage of online larning for professional development. ( Donavant, 2009 ) While the writer acquiesces to the impression that the apposition of online acquisition to instructor lead acquisition in authoritative academe has been done legion times, there is small to no important research done measuring this in the sphere of professional development and go oning instruction. The deficiency of important research from this position is what motivated the research worker to prosecute this way.MethodsThe first stage of this three stage survey was an scrutiny of pre and post-test professional development tonss used to determine if larning really occurred and if there was a difference in effectivity between on-line bringings versus teacher lead direction. The pre and post-tests used anon. multiple-choice and true-false inquiries. The research worker had no control over the arrangement of the participants into control or experimental groups of people. Additionally, the research worker did non hold control over the figure of participants in each group or the continuanc e and quality of the direction. ( Donavant, 2009 ) The 2nd stage of the survey examined the potency for online acquisition success correlated to gender, race, age of the scholar, figure of old ages of constabulary service, figure of old ages of formal instruction, and old exposure to online acquisition. This rating leveraged Kerr ‘s Test of Online Learning Success ( TOOLS ) ( Marcel S. Kerr, 2012 ) which is a 45 point self-report appraisal that attempts to determine behavioural strengths and failings to mensurate possible online larning success. Participants rated each of these 45 points on a 5 point Likert-type of graduated table runing from 1 ( strongly disagree ) to 5 ( strongly agree ) . ( Donavant, 2009 ) Finally, the 3rd stage of this survey involved an open-ended questionnaire to turn to considerations of on-line bringing methods that were identified through analysis of the current literature that the writer deemed as relevant beginnings. The research worker ‘s purpose was to find other lending factors that were important to the larning experience such as willingness to take part in on-line acquisition, scholar ‘s perceptual experiences of the user of online acquisition in the sphere of professional development, and the practicality of its usage as a bringing mechanism. For the 2nd and 3rd stages of this survey, one constabulary bureau within each of the six geographic parts of the United States was indiscriminately selected and each bureau had anon. voluntaries to take part it the survey. The 2nd stage had a sum of 188 officers participate while the 3rd stage had a sum of 150 constabularies officers participate. Of the 188 officers that participated in the 2nd stage the bulk were white males ( 87.8 % and 85.6 % severally ) with a average age of 36.9 and a average figure of old ages on the force of 10.75. 75.3 % of the participants had non participated in any on-line instruction prior to this survey and the bulk listed their degree of instruction attainment as â€Å" some college † 52 % . ( Donavant, 2009 ) The stage one survey that used the historical pre and post-test consequences used a t-test to find the significance of the pre and post-test consequences comparing on-line instruction to trainer led experiences. The stage two survey besides conducted a t-test to find if there was a degree of significance between those who completed on-line instruction and those that did non complete on-line instruction. Bipartisan eventuality analysis was conducted to assist find if there was a relationship with possible success in on-line instruction and independent variables such as race, gender, and prior exposure to online instruction. The research worker so used Pearson Correlations to find important relationships between online larning success and independent variables such as age, figure of old ages of service and degree of educational attainment. ( Donavant, 2009 )ConsequencesThe stage one post-test tonss ( Teacher Lead: M=82.91, SD = 18.43 ; Online: M=73.38, SD=21.72 ) were significantly hig her than pre-test tonss for both instructor led and on-line lead instruction ( Teacher Lead: M=43.27, SD=17.96 ; Online: M=47.44, SD=16.74 ) . The ANCOVA analysis revealed no statistically important difference in the effectivity between both trainer lead and on-line bringing ( 1, 40 ) = 2.99, P = .09. ( Donavant, 2009 ) The stage two survey rendered similar consequences of deficiency of significance between online larning success and gender, race, and old engagement in on-line instruction ( I†¡2 ( 1, N =178 ) = 0.12, P = .72 ; race, I†¡2 ( 5, N = 184 ) = 7.97, P = .16 ; or old engagement in OE, I†¡2 ( 1, N = 188 ) = 3.07, P = .08. ) Where the research worker did happen some degree of significance was the correlativity between possible online larning success and the officers ‘ educational degree they achieved, R ( 185 ) = .23, P = .001. The consequences of the 3rd stage of the research indicated that a bulk of the pupils liked the convenience of the on-line instruction ( 92, 68.7 % ) but bulk besides indicated that what they liked least about the on-line educational experience ( 63, 52.9 % ) was the deficiency of interaction with the teacher as their primary ground for non wishing the on-line educational experience. ( Donavant, 2009 )DecisionThe research worker surmised that while the effectivity of on-line instruction versus teacher lead preparation are both deemed significantly effectual, the potency of on-line instruction being effectual is significantly correlated to the pupil ‘s anterior experience with on-line instruction every bit good as their degree of instruction. The research worker besides went on to sum up that by and large talking, there is no important benefit of online acquisition in comparing to teacher lead preparation when looking at it from the position of race, gender, old ages on the forc e or age. So, for an organisation sing teacher lead preparation in comparing to online instruction, they should see the person scholar and take into consideration their degree of instruction along with old experience with on-line instruction. If an organisation has a figure of pupils who do non hold a batch of post-secondary instruction, they may happen better consequences with teacher lead preparation.

Sources of Stress Experienced by International Students...

As the world becomes increasingly globalized and interconnected, there is an imperative need for every student in this generation to be exposed and to be prepared for this rapidly changing world. Globalization sets the platform for a competitive environment, which challenges a country to increase their level of efficiency, promote innovation, and improve its overall standard of living. One of the ways that value-added learning could be incorporated in students’ learning is through the dissemination of a rich multicultural classroom, whereby local students are interacting, exchanging knowledge, and building quality relationships with international students. However, this requires foreign students to travel or migrate to another country differing from their own for the purpose of furthering their education and/or other personal reasons such as seeking a better quality of life, searching to advance their career/life opportunities, or just simply looking for a change in their envi ronment. Although cross-cultural interaction is highly valuable, relocating to a new country and being isolated from relatives and friends can be a source of stress, anxiety, and confusion to international students, which can induce a real challenge to them for studying in another country such as the United States. This extensive qualitative research will identify sources of stress generally experienced by international college students living in the United States and their coping and adjustmentShow MoreRelatedThe Problems Faced By The International Students Without A Social Security Number At Pittsburg State University1635 Words   |  7 Pagesthe International students without a Social Security Number at Pittsburg State University. 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For young people leisure is especially important as it becomes not only a means of social acceptance and personal identity formation yet serves as a vehicle through which life values can be explored, independenceRead MoreReport On Depression Identifying And Identifying Causes5369 Words   |  22 Pages STUDENT ID: 14005361 Module Title and Code: Health Promotion SH5001 / SH5F01 Assessment 02 Coursework Title: Report on Depression Identifying and Describing Causes. 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COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS 12 2.1 Major Competitors (direct, indirect, future) Market Dominance 12 2.2 Bases of Competition in the Industry Degree of Rivalry 13 Local Competitors – 13 International Competitors – 14 Other Competitors - 14 2.3 Self-perception of Competitors 15 Local Competitors— 15 Other Competitors- 16 2.4 Barriers to Entry 16 2.5 Controls over Prices 17 2.6 Control of Costs 18 2.7 Control of Distribution ChannelsRead More Jewish Assimilation Essay example3172 Words   |  13 Pages Heilman gives the argument that since Jews have moved up the socio-economic ladder, they actually lost focus on what it means to be a Jew. One must first answer the question of what is being Jewish? Is it simply something inherited? Does it mean living ones life solely regarding what the Torah tells one to do? Is the answer much more complicated than following rules, which were built for a time that was completely different? The Jewish religion has lasted thousands of years, which were filled withRead MoreHow College Studies And Entrepreneurship1969 Words   |  8 Pagesessay with a part of an article, written by Lewis Humphries â€Å"In the wake of the global recession, the American employment market has undergone a significant transition. This is part of an international trend, as individuals turn toward self-employment, contracting, and entrepreneurship as ways of earning a living. In fact, according to Quartz, it is estimated that more than 40% of the U.S. workforce will be working independently by the year 2020†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Money Crashers). Just keep that in mind, when you

Habits and Traits of Darkling Beetles

The family Tenebrionidae, the darkling beetles, is one of the largest beetle families. The family name comes from the Latin tenebrio, meaning one who loves darkness. People raise darkling beetle larvae, known as mealworms, as food for birds, reptiles, and other animals. Description Most darkling beetles look similar to ground beetles, black or brown and smooth. Theyre often found hiding under rocks or leaf litter and will come to light traps. Darkling beetles are primarily scavengers. The larvae are sometimes called false wireworms because they look like click beetle larvae (which are known as wireworms). Though the Tenebrionidae family is quite large, numbering close to 15,000 species, all darkling beetles share certain characteristics. They have 5 visible abdominal sternites, the first of which is not divided by coxae (as in the ground beetles). The antennae usually have 11 segments and may be filiform  or moniliform. Their eyes are notched. The tarsal formula is 5-5-4. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaClass: InsectaOrder: ColeopteraFamily: Tenebrionidae Diet Most darkling beetles (adults and larvae) scavenge on plant matter of some kind, including stored grains and flour. Some species feed on fungi, dead insects, or even dung. Life Cycle Like all beetles, darkling beetles undergo complete metamorphosis with four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Female darkling beetles deposit their eggs in the soil. Larvae are worm-like, with slender, elongated bodies. Pupation usually occurs in the soil. Special Adaptations and Defenses When disturbed, many darkling beetles will emit a foul-smelling liquid to dissuade predators from dining on them. Members of the genus Eleodes engage in a somewhat bizarre defensive behavior when threatened. Eleodes beetles raise their abdomens high in the air, so they almost appear to be standing on their heads, while fleeing the suspected danger. Range and Distribution Darkling beetles live worldwide, in both temperate and tropical habitats. The family Tenebrionidae is one of the largest in the beetle order, with well over 15,000 species known. In North America, darkling beetles are most diverse and abundant in the west. Scientists have described 1,300 western species, but only around 225 eastern Tenebrionids. Sources Family Tenebrionidae - Darkling Beetles - BugGuide.NetDarkling Beetle, St. Louis ZooDarkling Beetle Fact Sheet, Woodland Park ZooBorror and Delongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice - Prophecies in...

nbsp; The Damning Prophecies in Oedipus, Antigone, and Agamemnonnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Oracles, seers, and prophets are used in Greek tragedy to provide foreshadowing for the audience and characters. The seers wisdom is conveyed through the pronouncement of oracles or prophecies. They confer forecasts to principal characters that affect the characters future. Although not always believed, and often endeavored to be foiled, seers, oracles, and prophets in Greek tragedies foretell events that greatly affect the lives of prominent characters. Cassandra in Aeschylus Agamemnon, the Oracle at Delphi in Sophocles Oedipus, and Teiresias in Sophocles Antigone pronounce damning prophecies that, despite ignorance, evasion,†¦show more content†¦Shortly after Cassandra reveals her visions Agamemnon is murdered by Clytemnestra. Agamemnon cries: o-oh! I am hit. . . mortally hit. . . within. p82 Agamemnon dies despite his ignorance of the prophecy. nbsp; The Oracle at Delphi in Oedipus predicts the downfall and destruction of Oedipus, despite Oedipus avoidance of the prophecy. Oedipus recalls the Oracle as stating: that I [Oedipus] was fated to defile my mothers bed, that I should show unto men a brood which they could not endure to behold, and that I should be the slayer of the sire who begot me. When Oedipus learns of the calamitous oracle his immediate intentions are to thwart it. He leaves Polybus of Corinth, whom Oedipus believes to be his father, and travels to Thebes to avoid fulfilling the ruinous prophecy. When he arrives at Thebes Oedipus is falsely assured of his intellect when he solves the riddle of the Sphinx and is appointed king. Oedipus then believes that he has successfully avoided the Oracle. nbsp; Oedipus hubris, impulsiveness, and carelessness compel him to murder the man unbeknown by him to be his father over a traffic dispute, in total disregard of the prophecy. After he arrives in Thebes and solves the riddle of the Sphinx, Oedipus unbeknownst to him marries his mother. Despite his attempted evasion of the Oracle by leaving Corinth, the oracle inevitably comes true. Oedipus only recourse to console himself is to pokeShow MoreRelatedGrief And Grief2078 Words   |  9 Pagesin that of the empowerment to the individual knowledge gained. The ways that grief can be to a characters advantage throughout the tragedies varies, with grief playing different roles within each plotline. This is especially seen when comparing Oedipus and Medea. Grief holds such fascination because of its unpredictability and sly way of altering how a character thinks and behaves. The power of grief is unparalleled to any other feeling. Grief is one of, if not the strongest, of human emotion. Its

Painting Analysis The National Gallery of Canada Essay Example For Students

Painting Analysis: The National Gallery of Canada Essay Catherine of Alexandria. We have been studying the Renaissance period and this one was identifiable instantly. For our class assignment, we are required to identify the time period or style the painting might belong to, identity/ its stylistic features, the date it was created, the artist, mediums used, as well as the significance of its subject matter and its importance in the exhibition. Ay studying Simons Martinis painting of SST. Catherine of Alexandria I was able to cornea it with some of the images seen in class, and from Jacksons History of Art textbook. When I first looked at Simons Martini painting of SST. Catherine of Alexandria, I noticed many things, I noticed how her face gesture, the position of the subjects head, and arm size hinted naturalism; however, the proportions are not yet perfected. The subject is also being identified through the broach she is wearing around her neck, which is a wheel indicating she is SST. Catherine Of Alexandria. Noticed the subject has a gold halo and seems to be in a narrative: these techniques are seen in many paintings during the Renaissance period (as seen in image 1-4 in appendix). Being the left hand panel to the Madonna and Child, also knew that this piece loud have significance in the history Of Art. The use Of gold (gilding- seen in image 1-4 in appendix) and materials used (tempera on wood) also led me to believe that this is a Renaissance painting. Research has helped me determine that this beautiful golden painting by Simons Martini (SST. Catherine of Alexandria) was made during the early Italian Renaissance period. This is because of the style and techniques that are used within the painting. The style Of the renaissance period consisted of techniques using geometry and perspective, chiaroscuro, contrasts, naturalism, and classical themes. The main characteristics Of the early Italian Renaissance 21 Page include the use of one-point perspective, which creates the illusion of a three- dimensional space. The use of geometry is also typically seen in the composition of figures laid out in a triangular form to create a sense of balance (Rechecking, 2013 Para. 2 During the early Italian Renaissance period the artist attempts to represent figures and nature more realistically than previously during the medieval period. They studied nature and the human body to learn more about the anatomy of humans and animals (Rechecking, 2013 Para, 3). In Simons Martinis painting to SST. Catherine of Alexandria, you can see examples to this in the face gesture, the position of the subjects head, and the detail in her eye- lashes (Humanism/naturalism seen in images 3 and 5 in appendix). Early Italian Renaissance artists also used contrast between gradations of light and dark and shading, which is the technique they used to create a three-dimensional sense of space (Rechecking 2013 Para, 4). Shading seen in images I and 2 in appendix). In SST. Catherine of Alexandria, you can see the shadows and shading throughout he painting- this is especially evident in the subjects face, neck, arms and hands. The subject matter in early Italian Renaissance included some classical themes of Greek and Roman mythology as well as depicting portraits and other worldly subjects. (Rechecking, 2013, Para. 5). In Martinis painting, you see that it is both secular and sacred, but religion stands out a little more because Of the subject portrayed is SST. Catherine of Alexandra. Counterpoints is a word that represents a the stance Of the figure Which ones weight rests on one foot; this technique was seed to create a twist in the figures body, thus, making the hip and shoulders no longer parallel (seen in images 3 and 5 in appendix) . The use of counterpoints had been seen before but not used since the classical period. (Rechecking, 2013, Para. 6) Simons Martinis painting of SST. Catherine of Alexandria does not show the subjects stance, but it does show a twist in the body (one point perspective) which creates the same idea of technique. 31 Page Simons Martini, SST. .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3 , .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3 .postImageUrl , .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3 , .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3:hover , .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3:visited , .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3:active { border:0!important; } .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3:active , .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3 .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2fc793aa5cd8b16e99ea1ab1c90ed9a3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chekhov's dramatic texts analysis EssayCatherine of Alexandria, was created in 1322-23, using tempera on wood. The size of the wood panel is 32 3/4 x 17 1/8 inches (with Ramee). It is part to the Collection of the National Gallery of Canada. The painting of SST. Catherine of Alexandria is part of a triptych; and is the left panel of the altarpiece. The specific term used for this type of painting is called a polytypic. This is a three panel system with wings or side panels; Madonna and Child are represented in the centre piece which was the largest section (Wisped, 2013, Para_ I 2). The significance of the subject matter in Simons Martini painting of SST. Catherine of Alexandria is the changes that were seen during the renaissance, ND the preservation of the tempera painting itself The techniques seen during this period are very important. One being in order to depict the human figure properly, artists needed to study the anatomy With the studying of the human body, artists used the technique of shading to create the volume and a better sense Of perspective. During the restoration Of SST. Catherine Of Alexandria, many parts were left untouched while others were carefully re-painted (Brink, 2001 , Para_ 7); in my opinion, this says a lot about the quality Of work Martini presented. In other words, this painting is significant because of the stylistic roughhouse Of its time, as well as the care and quality Of the painting itself well as the materials used. The titling of this period re-birth or Renaissance hints this time involved a breakthrough in art history. Through the use of geometry and perspective, chiaroscuro, contrasts, naturalism, classical themes, and the materials used, was able to determine the stylistic period that Simons Martini, SST. Catherine of Alexandria, was created during the renaissance period.

Lay Magistrates and District Judges free essay sample

Anyone outside the ranges of 18 to 65 years of age (with retirement at 70); anyone who is not of good character and personal standing; an undischarged bankrupt; anyone who, because of a disability, cannot carry out all of the duties of a lay justice; a serving member of Her Majesty’s Forces; a member of a police force or a traffic warden or any other occupation which might be seen to conflict with the role of a lay justice; and a close relative of a person who is already a lay justice on the same Bench. An individual may apply to become a lay justice and then be interviewed. The Advisory Committees conduct the interviews of would-be lay justices and decide whether the applicant is a suitable person. Essentially, Adivisory Committees are made up, for the most part, of lay justices; but the Lord Chancellor now requires at least a third of the membership to consist of other local people who are not lay justices. We will write a custom essay sample on Lay Magistrates and District Judges or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In making their recommendations, Advisory Committees not only consider the personal suitability of candidates but also the number of vacancies and the need to ensure that the composition of each bench broadly reflects the community which it serves. If the Advisiory Committee deems an applicant suitable for appointment, he will be recommended to the Lord Chancellor who will then consider the candidate’s personal suitability for appointment. If approved, the candidate will then be appointed as a lay justice to a particular ‘local justice area’ under the ‘commission of the peace’. Importantly, section 10(3) Courts Act 2003 provides that ‘every lay justice is, by virtue of his office, capable of acting as such in any local justice area (whether or not he is assigned to it The major role of lay justices is in trying criminal cases where they will themselves decide on the innocence or guilt of the defendant. Over 95% of all criminal cases are dealt with in Magistrates Courts. Criminal offences are categorised into levels of seriousness . The least serious are known as summary offences, for example speeding, and may only be tried in a Magistrates Court. The next level are mid-range offences which are triable either in the Magistrates Court or the Crown Court at the election of the defendant, and are known as either way offences. Examples here are driving whilst disqualified and theft. The most serious offences are known as indictable-only offences for example, rape and murder and these offences can only be tried in the Crown Court. Their secondary role is to determine the mode (manner) of trial in either way offences i. e. whether summary or Crown Court. You see, it is often the case that a defendant who intends to plead not guilty will wish to be tried in a Magistrates Court rather than a Crown Court for a number of reasons, and it is then up to the court to decide which venue is most suitable after perhaps consulting the National Mode of Trial Guidelines . Thirdly, lay justices arrange for the committal of an accused to the Crown Court for trial in the case of indictable offences. Now, committal proceedings have traditionally been the means by which a Magistrates Court determines whether there is sufficient evidence against an accused in respect of an indictable offence to justify sending him to the Crown Court to stand trial on indictment. They are held when an adult accused either comes before a Magistrates Court charged with an offence triable only on indictment, or comes before the court charged with an offence triable either way, the mode of trial having been determined in favour of trial on indictment. However, section 51 Crime and Disorder Act 1998 now provides that cases triable on indictment only will be sent immediately to the Crown Court without committal proceedings being held. Lay justices also decide many civil matters, particularly in relation to family work. Specially selected and trained members of the Family Court Panels deal with a wide range of matters, most of which arise from the breakdown of marriage. Undoubtedly, the use of unpaid lay justices is cheap, not only because they are unpaid but also the cost of the trial itself is much less expensive than in the Crown Court. In 1999, the Home Office Research and Planning Unit estimated the average cost of a contested trial in the Magistrates’ Court at ? 1,500 and a guilty plea at ? 500. The comparative figures for the Crown Court were ? 13,500 and ? 2,500 respectively. However, part of this difference is due to the fact that cases in the Crown Court are more complex and therefore likely to take longer; but even so, it is clear that the cost both to the Government and to defendants who pay for their own lawyer is much higher in the Crown Court. Lord Bingham, the former Lord Chief Justice, said that â€Å"the justices are chosen for their qualities of fairness, judgement and common sense, alert to the needs and concerns of the communities they serve and enabling local issues to be determined locally by local people. And, in the eyes of the public, they have one great advantage: that they are free of the habits of thought, speech and bearing which characterise professional lawyers and which most people find to a greater or lesser extent repellent. The existence of 30,000 citizens distributed around the country, all with a sound, practical understanding of what the law is and how it works is, I think, a democratic jewel beyond price. † Thus, obviously Lord Bingham thinks Lay magistrates have many advantages and maybe we should all agree as he was a former Lord Chief Justice. Lay magistrates have the advantages of: local knowledge – lay magistrates come from the local area and therefore have local knowledge which will help them make fairer decisions in court; lack of bias – having a bench of three magistrates avoids bias and gives balanced views; gender balance – lay magistrates come from a wider cross section of society than professional judges including a greater gender balance with 49% of lay magistrates being female. A major area of concern is the variation in sentencing between different areas for the same type of offence. In 1995, Home Office figures revealed, for example, that whilst 70 per cent of those driving whilst disqualified were jailed in West Derbyshire, nobody went to prison for such an offence in Beverley in Humberside, Cirencester or Gloucester. Against this, there are the Magistrates’ Court Sentencing Guidelines which identify each offence that can be dealt with in a Magistrates’ Court and the appropriate sentence. It is probably fair comment that lay justices tend to be biased in favour of the prosecution. For example, when it comes to the word of a policeman as gainst that of an accused, it is not surprising that lay justices tend to believe the policeman. In fact, until 1952, Magistrates’ Courts were known as Police Courts. Figures tend to bear this out: there is a lower acquittal rate in Magistrates’ Courts than Crown Courts. The Criminal Justice Business Quarterly Report of November 2002 reported that in the year ending June 2002, 67% of not guilty pleas resulted in conviction as against 57% in the Crown Court. We can’t be certain, then, that defendants get a fair trial. After all, that is the whole purpose of the criminal justice system, and it could be argued that the statistics are against them. There are also concerns about efficiency. Because they are not professional lawyers, it is said that lay magistrates take longer to analyse and understand cases. They are also more tolerant of verbose advocacy than a professional judge would be. So cases last longer, and there are three of them per case. Though they are not paid a fee for their services, the fact that the court has to be in session for longer is a great expense. It has also been argued that the middle classes are over represented on the bench as far too few working class people have the time to become Lay Magistrates. A District Judge will sit alone in the Magistrates Court. They are legally qualified and will decide whether a person is guilty or not and decide what sentence they should receive. Sections 50-52 Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 set out new conditions of eligibility for judicial appointment. They are called ‘judicial-appointment eligibility conditions’ and there are two, as follows: (1) an individual has to hold a ‘relevant qualification’ and has to have ‘gained experience in law’; (2) a relevant qualification normally as a barrister or a solicitor for a specified minimum number of years is required. A person gains experience in law during this period if the period is one during which the person is engaged in ‘law-related activities’. Law related activities are laid out in section 52 and include the obvious such as practising as a lawyer; and the not so obvious such as teaching law. Incidentally, the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 provides, for the first time, that Fellows of the Institute of Legal Executives are eligible for appointment to the judiciary. In April 2006, the selection process was transferred from the Lord Chancellor to the independent Judicial Appointments Commission which was set up by section 61 Constitutional Reform Act 2005. Section 63 Constitutional Reform Act 1995 provides that selection must be ‘solely on merit’ (and the applicant must be of ‘good character’). That said, section 64 provides that the ‘Commission †¦ must have regard to the need to encourage diversity in the range of persons available for selection for appointments’ i. e. women and ethnic minorities. Section 88 requires the Judicial Appointments Commission to decide on and run a selection process. In the course of doing so it must consult the Lord Chief Justice and another person who has held the office concerned or has relevant experience. The selection process starts with an open competition after an advertisement for a particular judicial vacancy appears in the national press and/or legal journals. Advertisements also appear on the Judicial Appointments Commission website. Applicants then fill in a form, a shortlist is created, references are sought, interviews are arranged and the best man or woman is then put forward to the Lord Chancellor for approval. All successful candidates to whatever judicial post are appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister (on the advice of the Lord Chancellor) to The Queen.